Testing
Mojo includes a framework for developing and executing unit tests. The framework
also supports testing code examples in the
documentation strings
(also known as docstrings) of your API references. The Mojo testing framework
consists of a set of assertions defined as part of the
Mojo standard library and the
mojo test command line tool.
Get started
Let’s start with a simple example of writing and running Mojo tests.
1. Write tests
For your first example of using the Mojo testing framework, create a file named
test_quickstart.mojo containing the following code:
# Content of test_quickstart.mojo
from testing import assert_equal
def inc(n: Int) -> Int:
return n + 1
def test_inc_zero():
# This test contains an intentional logical error to show an example of
# what a test failure looks like at runtime.
assert_equal(inc(0), 0)
def test_inc_one():
assert_equal(inc(1), 2)
# Content of test_quickstart.mojo
from testing import assert_equal
def inc(n: Int) -> Int:
return n + 1
def test_inc_zero():
# This test contains an intentional logical error to show an example of
# what a test failure looks like at runtime.
assert_equal(inc(0), 0)
def test_inc_one():
assert_equal(inc(1), 2)
In this file, the inc() function is the test target. The functions whose
names begin with test_ are the tests. Usually the target should be in a
separate source file from its tests, but you can define them in the same file
for this simple example.
A test function fails if it raises an error when executed, otherwise it
passes. The two tests in this example use the assert_equal() function,
which raises an error if the two values provided are not equal.
The implementation of test_inc_zero() contains an intentional logical error
so that you can see an example of a failed test when you execute it in the
next step of this tutorial.
2. Execute tests
Then in the directory containing the file, execute the following command in your shell:
mojo test test_quickstart.mojo
mojo test test_quickstart.mojo
You should see output similar to this (note that this example elides the full filesystem paths from the output shown):
Testing Time: 1.193s
Total Discovered Tests: 2
Passed : 1 (50.00%)
Failed : 1 (50.00%)
Skipped: 0 (0.00%)
******************** Failure: 'ROOT_DIR/test_quickstart.mojo::test_inc_zero()' ********************
Unhandled exception caught during execution
Error: At ROOT_DIR/test_quickstart.mojo:8:17: AssertionError: `left == right` comparison failed:
left: 1
right: 0
********************
Testing Time: 1.193s
Total Discovered Tests: 2
Passed : 1 (50.00%)
Failed : 1 (50.00%)
Skipped: 0 (0.00%)
******************** Failure: 'ROOT_DIR/test_quickstart.mojo::test_inc_zero()' ********************
Unhandled exception caught during execution
Error: At ROOT_DIR/test_quickstart.mojo:8:17: AssertionError: `left == right` comparison failed:
left: 1
right: 0
********************
The output starts with a summary of the number of tests discovered, passed, failed, and skipped. Following that, each failed test is reported along with its error message.
Next steps
- The
testingmodule describes the assertion functions available to help implement tests. - Writing unit tests shows how to write unit tests and organize them into test files.
- The
mojo testcommand describes how to execute and collect lists of tests. - Writing API documentation tests discusses how to use the Mojo testing framework to test code examples in your API documentation.
The testing module
The Mojo standard library includes a testing
module that defines several assertion functions for implementing tests. Each
assertion returns None if its condition is met or raises an error if it isn’t.
assert_true(): Asserts that the input value isTrue.assert_false(): Asserts that the input value isFalse.assert_equal(): Asserts that the input values are equal.assert_not_equal(): Asserts that the input values are not equal.assert_almost_equal(): Asserts that the input values are equal up to a tolerance.
The boolean assertions report a basic error message when they fail.
from testing import *
assert_true(False)
from testing import *
assert_true(False)
Each function also accepts an optional msg keyword argument for providing a
custom message to include if the assertion fails.
assert_true(False, msg="paradoxes are not allowed")
assert_true(False, msg="paradoxes are not allowed")
For comparing floating point values you should use assert_almost_equal(),
which allows you to specify either an absolute or relative tolerance.
result = 10 / 3
assert_almost_equal(result, 3.33, atol=0.001, msg="close but no cigar")
result = 10 / 3
assert_almost_equal(result, 3.33, atol=0.001, msg="close but no cigar")
The testing module also defines a context manager,
assert_raises(),
to assert that a given code block correctly raises an expected error.
def inc(n: Int) -> Int:
if n == Int.MAX:
raise Error("inc overflow")
return n + 1
print("Test passes because the error is raised")
with assert_raises():
_ = inc(Int.MAX)
print("Test fails because the error isn't raised")
with assert_raises():
_ = inc(Int.MIN)
def inc(n: Int) -> Int:
if n == Int.MAX:
raise Error("inc overflow")
return n + 1
print("Test passes because the error is raised")
with assert_raises():
_ = inc(Int.MAX)
print("Test fails because the error isn't raised")
with assert_raises():
_ = inc(Int.MIN)
The example above assigns the return value from inc() to a
discard pattern.
Without it, the Mojo compiler detects that the return value is unused and
optimizes the code to eliminate the function call.
You can also provide an optional contains argument to assert_raises() to
indicate that the test passes only if the error message contains the substring
specified. Other errors are propagated, failing the test.
print("Test passes because the error contains the substring")
with assert_raises(contains="required"):
raise Error("missing required argument")
print("Test fails because the error doesn't contain the substring")
with assert_raises(contains="required"):
raise Error("invalid value")
print("Test passes because the error contains the substring")
with assert_raises(contains="required"):
raise Error("missing required argument")
print("Test fails because the error doesn't contain the substring")
with assert_raises(contains="required"):
raise Error("invalid value")
Writing unit tests
A Mojo unit test is simply a function that fulfills all of these requirements:
- Has a name that starts with
test_. - Accepts no arguments.
- Returns either
Noneor a value of typeobject. - Raises an error to indicate test failure.
- Is defined at the module scope, not as a Mojo struct method.
You can use either def or fn to define a test function. Because a test
function always raises an error to indicate failure, any test function defined
using fn must include the raises declaration.
Generally, you should use the assertion utilities from the Mojo standard library
testing module to implement your tests.
You can include multiple related assertions in the same test function. However,
if an assertion raises an error during execution then the test function returns
immediately, skipping any subsequent assertions.
You must define your Mojo unit tests in Mojo source files named with a test
prefix or suffix. You can organize your test files within a directory hierarchy,
but the test files must not be part of a Mojo package (that is, the test
directories should not contain __init__.mojo files).
Here is an example of a test file containing three tests for functions defined
in a source module named my_target_module (which is not shown here).
# File: test_my_target_module.mojo
from my_target_module import convert_input, validate_input
from testing import assert_equal, assert_false, assert_raises, assert_true
def test_validate_input():
assert_true(validate_input("good"), msg="'good' should be valid input")
assert_false(validate_input("bad"), msg="'bad' should be invalid input")
def test_convert_input():
assert_equal(convert_input("input1"), "output1")
assert_equal(convert_input("input2"), "output2")
def test_convert_input_error():
with assert_raises():
_ = convert_input("garbage")
# File: test_my_target_module.mojo
from my_target_module import convert_input, validate_input
from testing import assert_equal, assert_false, assert_raises, assert_true
def test_validate_input():
assert_true(validate_input("good"), msg="'good' should be valid input")
assert_false(validate_input("bad"), msg="'bad' should be invalid input")
def test_convert_input():
assert_equal(convert_input("input1"), "output1")
assert_equal(convert_input("input2"), "output2")
def test_convert_input_error():
with assert_raises():
_ = convert_input("garbage")
The unique identity of a unit test consists of the path of the test file and the
name of the test function, separated by ::. So the test IDs from the example
above are:
test_my_target_module.mojo::test_validate_input()test_my_target_module.mojo::test_convert_input()test_my_target_module.mojo::test_convert_error()
The mojo test command
The mojo command line interface includes the mojo test
command for running tests or collecting a list of tests.
Running tests
By default, the mojo test command runs the tests that you specify using one of
the following:
- A single test ID with either an absolute or relative file path, to run only that test.
- A single absolute or relative file path, to run all tests in that file.
- A single absolute or relative directory path, to recurse through that directory hierarchy and run all tests found.
If needed, you can optionally use the -I option one or more times to append
additional paths to the list of directories searched to import Mojo modules and
packages. For example, consider a project with the following directory
structure:
.
├── src
│ ├── example.mojo
│ └── my_math
│ ├── __init__.mojo
│ └── utils.mojo
└── test
└── my_math
├── test_dec.mojo
└── test_inc.mojo
.
├── src
│ ├── example.mojo
│ └── my_math
│ ├── __init__.mojo
│ └── utils.mojo
└── test
└── my_math
├── test_dec.mojo
└── test_inc.mojo
From the project root directory, you could execute all of the tests in the
test directory like this:
$ mojo test -I src test
Testing Time: 3.433s
Total Discovered Tests: 4
Passed : 4 (100.00%)
Failed : 0 (0.00%)
Skipped: 0 (0.00%)
$ mojo test -I src test
Testing Time: 3.433s
Total Discovered Tests: 4
Passed : 4 (100.00%)
Failed : 0 (0.00%)
Skipped: 0 (0.00%)
You could run the tests contained in only the test_dec.mojo file like this:
$ mojo test -I src test/my_math/test_dec.mojo
Testing Time: 1.175s
Total Discovered Tests: 2
Passed : 2 (100.00%)
Failed : 0 (0.00%)
Skipped: 0 (0.00%)
$ mojo test -I src test/my_math/test_dec.mojo
Testing Time: 1.175s
Total Discovered Tests: 2
Passed : 2 (100.00%)
Failed : 0 (0.00%)
Skipped: 0 (0.00%)
And you could run a single test from a file by providing its fully qualified ID like this:
$ mojo test -I src 'test/my_math/test_dec.mojo::test_dec_valid()'
Testing Time: 0.66s
Total Discovered Tests: 1
Passed : 1 (100.00%)
Failed : 0 (0.00%)
Skipped: 0 (0.00%)
$ mojo test -I src 'test/my_math/test_dec.mojo::test_dec_valid()'
Testing Time: 0.66s
Total Discovered Tests: 1
Passed : 1 (100.00%)
Failed : 0 (0.00%)
Skipped: 0 (0.00%)
Collecting a list of tests
By including the --collect-only or --co option, you can use mojo test to
discover and print a list of tests.
As an example, consider the project structure shown in the
Running tests section. The following command produces a list
of all of the tests defined in the test directory hierarchy.
mojo test --co test
mojo test --co test
The output shows the hierarchy of directories, test files, and individual tests (note that this example elides the full filesystem paths from the output shown):
<ROOT_DIR/test/my_math>
<ROOT_DIR/test/my_math/test_dec.mojo>
<ROOT_DIR/test/my_math/test_dec.mojo::test_dec_valid()>
<ROOT_DIR/test/my_math/test_dec.mojo::test_dec_min()>
<ROOT_DIR/test/my_math/test_inc.mojo>
<ROOT_DIR/test/my_math/test_inc.mojo::test_inc_valid()>
<ROOT_DIR/test/my_math/test_inc.mojo::test_inc_max()>
<ROOT_DIR/test/my_math>
<ROOT_DIR/test/my_math/test_dec.mojo>
<ROOT_DIR/test/my_math/test_dec.mojo::test_dec_valid()>
<ROOT_DIR/test/my_math/test_dec.mojo::test_dec_min()>
<ROOT_DIR/test/my_math/test_inc.mojo>
<ROOT_DIR/test/my_math/test_inc.mojo::test_inc_valid()>
<ROOT_DIR/test/my_math/test_inc.mojo::test_inc_max()>
Producing JSON formatted output
By default mojo test produces concise, human-readable output. Alternatively
you can produce JSON formatted output more suitable for input to other tools by
including the --diagnostic-format json option.
For example, you could run the tests in the test_quickstart.mojo file shown
in the Get started section with JSON formatted output using this
command:
mojo test --diagnostic-format json test_quickstart.mojo
mojo test --diagnostic-format json test_quickstart.mojo
The output shows the detailed results for each individual test and summary results (note that this example elides the full filesystem paths from the output shown):
{
"children": [
{
"duration_ms": 60,
"error": "Unhandled exception caught during execution",
"kind": "executionError",
"stdErr": "",
"stdOut": "Error: At ROOT_DIR/test_quickstart.mojo:8:17: AssertionError: `left == right` comparison failed:\r\n left: 1\r\n right: 0\r\n",
"testID": "ROOT_DIR/test_quickstart.mojo::test_inc_zero()"
},
{
"duration_ms": 51,
"error": "",
"kind": "success",
"stdErr": "",
"stdOut": "",
"testID": "ROOT_DIR/test_quickstart.mojo::test_inc_one()"
}
],
"duration_ms": 1171,
"error": "",
"kind": "executionError",
"stdErr": "",
"stdOut": "",
"testID": "ROOT_DIR/test_quickstart.mojo"
}
{
"children": [
{
"duration_ms": 60,
"error": "Unhandled exception caught during execution",
"kind": "executionError",
"stdErr": "",
"stdOut": "Error: At ROOT_DIR/test_quickstart.mojo:8:17: AssertionError: `left == right` comparison failed:\r\n left: 1\r\n right: 0\r\n",
"testID": "ROOT_DIR/test_quickstart.mojo::test_inc_zero()"
},
{
"duration_ms": 51,
"error": "",
"kind": "success",
"stdErr": "",
"stdOut": "",
"testID": "ROOT_DIR/test_quickstart.mojo::test_inc_one()"
}
],
"duration_ms": 1171,
"error": "",
"kind": "executionError",
"stdErr": "",
"stdOut": "",
"testID": "ROOT_DIR/test_quickstart.mojo"
}
You can also produce JSON output for test collection as well. As an example,
consider the project structure shown in the Running tests
section. The following command collects a list in JSON format of all of the
tests defined in the test directory hierarchy:
mojo test --diagnostic-format json --co test
mojo test --diagnostic-format json --co test
The output would appear as follows (note that this example elides the full filesystem paths from the output shown):
{
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"id": "ROOT_DIR/test/my_math/test_dec.mojo::test_dec_valid()",
"location": {
"endColumn": 5,
"endLine": 5,
"startColumn": 5,
"startLine": 5
}
},
{
"id": "ROOT_DIR/test/my_math/test_dec.mojo::test_dec_min()",
"location": {
"endColumn": 5,
"endLine": 9,
"startColumn": 5,
"startLine": 9
}
}
],
"id": "ROOT_DIR/test/my_math/test_dec.mojo"
},
{
"children": [
{
"id": "ROOT_DIR/test/my_math/test_inc.mojo::test_inc_valid()",
"location": {
"endColumn": 5,
"endLine": 5,
"startColumn": 5,
"startLine": 5
}
},
{
"id": "ROOT_DIR/test/my_math/test_inc.mojo::test_inc_max()",
"location": {
"endColumn": 5,
"endLine": 9,
"startColumn": 5,
"startLine": 9
}
}
],
"id": "ROOT_DIR/test/my_math/test_inc.mojo"
}
],
"id": "ROOT_DIR/test/my_math"
}
{
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"id": "ROOT_DIR/test/my_math/test_dec.mojo::test_dec_valid()",
"location": {
"endColumn": 5,
"endLine": 5,
"startColumn": 5,
"startLine": 5
}
},
{
"id": "ROOT_DIR/test/my_math/test_dec.mojo::test_dec_min()",
"location": {
"endColumn": 5,
"endLine": 9,
"startColumn": 5,
"startLine": 9
}
}
],
"id": "ROOT_DIR/test/my_math/test_dec.mojo"
},
{
"children": [
{
"id": "ROOT_DIR/test/my_math/test_inc.mojo::test_inc_valid()",
"location": {
"endColumn": 5,
"endLine": 5,
"startColumn": 5,
"startLine": 5
}
},
{
"id": "ROOT_DIR/test/my_math/test_inc.mojo::test_inc_max()",
"location": {
"endColumn": 5,
"endLine": 9,
"startColumn": 5,
"startLine": 9
}
}
],
"id": "ROOT_DIR/test/my_math/test_inc.mojo"
}
],
"id": "ROOT_DIR/test/my_math"
}
Writing API documentation tests
The Mojo testing framework also supports testing code examples that you include in docstrings. This helps to ensure that the code examples in your API documentation are correct and up to date.
Identifying executable code
The Mojo testing framework requires you to explicitly identify the code blocks that you want it to execute.
In a Mojo docstring, a fenced code block delimited by standard triple-backquotes
is a display-only code block. It appears in the API documentation, but
mojo test does not identify it as a test or attempt to execute any of the code
in the block.
""" Non-executable code block example.
The generated API documentation includes all lines of the following code block,
but `mojo test` does not execute any of the code in it.
```
# mojo test does NOT execute any of this code block
a = 1
print(a)
```
"""
""" Non-executable code block example.
The generated API documentation includes all lines of the following code block,
but `mojo test` does not execute any of the code in it.
```
# mojo test does NOT execute any of this code block
a = 1
print(a)
```
"""
In contrast, a fenced code block that starts with the line ```mojo
not only appears in the API documentation, but mojo test treats it as an
executable test. The test fails if the code raises any error, otherwise it
passes.
""" Executable code block example.
The generated API documentation includes all lines of the following code block
*and* `mojo test` executes it as a test.
```mojo
from testing import assert_equals
b = 2
assert_equals(b, 2)
```
"""
""" Executable code block example.
The generated API documentation includes all lines of the following code block
*and* `mojo test` executes it as a test.
```mojo
from testing import assert_equals
b = 2
assert_equals(b, 2)
```
"""
Sometimes you might want to execute a line of code as part of the test but not
display that line in the API documentation. To achieve this, prefix the line of
code with %#. For example, you could use this technique to omit import
statements and assertion functions from the documentation.
""" Executable code block example with some code lines omitted from output.
The generated API documentation includes only the lines of code that do *not*
start with `%#`. However, `mojo test` executes *all* lines of code.
```mojo
%# from testing import assert_equal
c = 3
print(c)
%# assert_equal(c, 3)
```
"""
""" Executable code block example with some code lines omitted from output.
The generated API documentation includes only the lines of code that do *not*
start with `%#`. However, `mojo test` executes *all* lines of code.
```mojo
%# from testing import assert_equal
c = 3
print(c)
%# assert_equal(c, 3)
```
"""
Documentation test suites and scoping
The Mojo testing framework treats each docstring as a separate test suite. In other words, a single test suite could correspond to the docstring for an individual package, module, function, struct, struct method, etc.
Each executable code block within a given docstring is a single test of the same
test suite. The mojo test command executes the tests of a test suite
sequentially in the order that they appear within the docstring. If a test
within a particular test suite fails, then all subsequent tests within the same
test suite are skipped.
All tests within the test suite execute in the same scope, and test execution within that scope is stateful. This means, for example, that a variable created within one test is then accessible to subsequent tests in the same test suite.
""" Stateful example.
Assign 1 to the variable `a`:
```mojo
%# from testing import assert_equal
a = 1
%# assert_equal(a, 1)
```
Then increment the value of `a` by 1:
```mojo
a += 1
%# assert_equal(a, 2)
```
"""
""" Stateful example.
Assign 1 to the variable `a`:
```mojo
%# from testing import assert_equal
a = 1
%# assert_equal(a, 1)
```
Then increment the value of `a` by 1:
```mojo
a += 1
%# assert_equal(a, 2)
```
"""
Test suite scopes do not nest. In other words, the test suite scope of a module is completely independent of the test suite scope of a function or struct defined within that module. For example, this means that if a module’s test suite creates a variable, that variable is not accessible to a function’s test suite within the same module.
Documentation test identifiers
The format of a documentation test identifier is <path>@<test-suite>::<test>.
This is best explained by an example. Consider the project structure shown in
the Running tests section. The source files in the src
directory might contain docstrings for the my_math package, the utils.mojo
module, and the individual functions within that module. You could collect the
full list of tests by executing:
mojo test --co src
mojo test --co src
The output shows the hierarchy of directories, test files, and individual tests (note that this example elides the full filesystem paths from the output shown):
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/__init__.mojo>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/__init__.mojo@__doc__>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/__init__.mojo@__doc__::0>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/__init__.mojo@__doc__::1>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/utils.mojo>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/utils.mojo@__doc__>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/utils.mojo@__doc__::0>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/utils.mojo@inc(stdlib\3A\3Abuiltin\3A\3Aint\3A\3AInt).__doc__>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/utils.mojo@inc(stdlib\3A\3Abuiltin\3A\3Aint\3A\3AInt).__doc__::0>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/utils.mojo@inc(stdlib\3A\3Abuiltin\3A\3Aint\3A\3AInt).__doc__::1>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/utils.mojo@dec(stdlib\3A\3Abuiltin\3A\3Aint\3A\3AInt).__doc__>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/utils.mojo@dec(stdlib\3A\3Abuiltin\3A\3Aint\3A\3AInt).__doc__::0>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/utils.mojo@dec(stdlib\3A\3Abuiltin\3A\3Aint\3A\3AInt).__doc__::1>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/__init__.mojo>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/__init__.mojo@__doc__>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/__init__.mojo@__doc__::0>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/__init__.mojo@__doc__::1>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/utils.mojo>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/utils.mojo@__doc__>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/utils.mojo@__doc__::0>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/utils.mojo@inc(stdlib\3A\3Abuiltin\3A\3Aint\3A\3AInt).__doc__>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/utils.mojo@inc(stdlib\3A\3Abuiltin\3A\3Aint\3A\3AInt).__doc__::0>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/utils.mojo@inc(stdlib\3A\3Abuiltin\3A\3Aint\3A\3AInt).__doc__::1>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/utils.mojo@dec(stdlib\3A\3Abuiltin\3A\3Aint\3A\3AInt).__doc__>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/utils.mojo@dec(stdlib\3A\3Abuiltin\3A\3Aint\3A\3AInt).__doc__::0>
<ROOT_DIR/src/my_math/utils.mojo@dec(stdlib\3A\3Abuiltin\3A\3Aint\3A\3AInt).__doc__::1>
Several different test suites appear in this result:
| Test suite scope | File | Test suite name |
|---|---|---|
| Package | src/my_math/__init__.mojo | __doc__ |
| Module | src/my_math/utils.mojo | __doc__ |
| Function | src/my_math/utils.mojo | inc(stdlib\3A\3Abuiltin\3A\3Aint\3A\3AInt).__doc__ |
Then within a specific test suite, tests are numbered sequentially in the order they appear in the docstring, starting with 0.
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